CMOS semiconductor technology could run out of gas at about 7 nm in 2024, and graphene is the leading candidate to replace it, according to a keynote address to be delivered at next week's Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC) here.
"Graphene has shown a lot of promise to eventually replace silicon microchips, but in my opinion we won't see it in use until after silicon reaches its limits early in the next decade," said James D. Meindl, professor of electrical and computer engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology and founding director of its Nanotechnology Research Center that has been studying graphene for five years.
By 2024, silicon MOSFETs will hit walls in how short engineers can make a channel and gate and how thin a gate insulator they can support, Meindl said, citing projections of the International Technology Road Map for Semiconductors.
Graphene faces plenty of challenges before it can become a successor to CMOS. "We have to make multiple billons of transistors in a sheet of graphene, but we've made less than a handful of transistors so far," said Meindl.
The new material was discovered by researchers at the University of Manchester in 2004 in work that won a Nobel Prize for finding a way to create a single layer of carbon atoms. "No one thought you could do that, but now that is just the starting bell for what can be done with a single layer of carbon atoms in perfectly ordered hexagonal cells," he said.
To date, researchers have uncovered at least two techniques for making graphene. They have also created some "rather crude" working transistors in the material.
The graphene transistors have better electrical and thermal conductivity and current carrying capabilities than copper interconnects. They also are very attractive as a way to make MEMs, Meindl said.
"The most impressive graphene transistors described to date have been RF transistors," such as an amplifier for a 500 GHz analog signal, said Meindl. "Graphene switches are more challenging to make for many reasons including their leakage current," he added.
Meidl's lab is working on ways to make 15nm wide ribbons of grapheme that could be building blocks for graphene switches that are as fast and power efficient as silicon. The chief challenge is making the ribbons without damage at the edges that degrades the positive characteristics of the material.
So far nearly 700 researchers from nearly every department in the Georgia Tech college of engineering have visited Meindl's lab to explore graphene. "The interest in our technology is as broad as engineering and virtually as broad as physical science," he said.
The CICC program includes a broad range of papers covering topics ranging from wired, wirelsss and optical communications to clocks. PLLs, ADCs and power components. Special sessions will address 3-D chip stacking and biomedical technologies.
The Federal's pistol slid into its holster and his sabre flashed out. He threw its curved point up in a splendid salute. Ferry saluted with his straight blade. Then both swords rang back into their scabbards, and Jewett whirled away toward his column. For a moment we lingered, then faced to the left, trotted, galloped. Over the fence and into the road went he--went I. Down it, as we crossed, the blue column was just moving again. Then the woods on the south swallowed us up. "All right, sir." that before. Meanwhile the parallelism between Thought and Extension was not exhausted by the identification just analysed. Extension was not only a series of movements; it still remained an expression for co-existence and adjacency.412 Spinoza, therefore, felt himself obliged to supply Thought with a correspondingly continuous quality. It is here that his chief originality lies, here that he has been most closely followed by the philosophy of our own time. Mind, he declares, is an attribute everywhere accompanying matter, co-extensive and co-infinite with space. Our own animation is the sum or the resultant of an animation clinging to every particle that enters into the composition of our bodies. When our thoughts are affected by an external impulse, to suppose that this impulse proceeds from anything material is a delusion; it is produced by the mind belonging to the body which acts on our body; although in what sense this process is to be understood remains a mystery. Spinoza has clearly explained the doctrine of animal automatism, and shown it to be perfectly conceivable;569 but he has entirely omitted to explain how the parallel influence of one thought (or feeling) on another is to be understood; for although this too is spoken of as a causal relation, it seems to be quite different from the logical concatenation described as the infinite intellect of God; and to suppose that idea follows from idea like movement from movement would amount to a complete materialisation of mind; while our philosopher would certainly have repudiated Mr. Shadworth Hodgson’s theory, that states of consciousness are only connected through their extended substratum, as the segments of a mosaic picture are held together by the underlying surface of masonry. Nor can we admit that Spinoza entertained the theory, now so popular, according to which extension and consciousness are merely different aspects of a single reality. For this would imply that the substance which they manifest had an existence of its own apart from its attributes; whereas Spinoza makes it consist of the attributes, that is to say, identifies it with their totality. We are forced, then, to conclude that the proposition declaring thought and extension to be the same thing570 has no413 other meaning than that they are connected by the double analogy which we have endeavoured to explain. “Oh, he’s welcome to it,” Sandy cried. “I’ve turned over a new leaf!” “But—are they?” He pulled a wire out a trifle from the sheath. The sergeant spent more time upon the oaths with which he embellished the counter-question as to how he should know anything about it, than would have been consumed in a civil explanation. "Doctor, he can't die. He mustn't die," said Shorty in agony. "The regiment can't spare him. He's the best soldier in it, and he's my pardner." AND ENTERS UPON HIS PARENTAL RELATIONS TO LITTLE PETE SKIDMORE. "Holy smoke, look there," gasped Monty Scruggs, as a company of rebel cavalry came tearing over the hill in front, to the assistance of their comrades. "That's about it," answered Shorty disdainfully. "That's the way with all cavalry, dad-burn 'em. They're like a passel o' fice pups. They're all yelp and bark, and howl and showin' o' teeth. They're jest goin' to tear you to pieces. But when you pick up a stone or a club, or git ready to give 'em a good kick they're gone, the devil knows where. They're only an aggravation. You never kin do nothin' with 'em, and they kin do nothin' with you. I never kin understand why God Almighty wasted his time in makin' cavalry of any kind, Yank or rebel. All our own cavalry's good for is to steal whisky and chickens from honest soldiers of the infantry. The infantry's the only thing. It's like the big dog that comes up without any special remarks, and sets his teeth in the other dog. The thing only ends when one dog or the other is badly whipped and somethin's bin accomplished." "Mmm." Reuben started out of the half-waking state into which he had fallen. It was late in the afternoon, the sunlight had gone, and a wintry twilight crept up the wall. Maude the dairy-woman was looking in at the door. It was about a month subsequent to this, that one morning, as Turner was making the anvil ring with the ponderous strokes of his hammer, two retainers from the castle entered the shed, and delivered an order from De Boteler for his immediate attendance. Wat laid the hammer on the anvil, and, passing the back of his right hand across his forehead, to clear away the large drops that stood there, looked with a kind of smile at the men as he said, HoME泷泽萝拉四部和集下载
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